fatty acid beta-oxidation
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Definition: Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ACADs; EC 1.3.99.13) are mitochondrial enzymes that catalyze the initial rate-limiting step in the beta-oxidation of fatty acyl-CoA. ACAD9 belongs to a group of ACADs that act on fatty acids containing 14 to 20 carbons.
Beta oxidation is the process by which fatty acids, in the form of acyl-CoA molecules, are broken down in the mitochondria and/or in peroxisomes to generate acetyl-CoA.
The acetyl CoA is then ultimately converted into ATP, CO2, and H2O using the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain.
Mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation is one of the main energy-producing metabolic pathways in eukaryotes.
Mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation
Mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation is one of the main energy-producing metabolic pathways in eukaryotes through the entry of acetyl-CoA into the Krebs cycle.
Fatty acids are oxidized inside the mitochondrial matrix but the fatty acids to be oxidized come from the cytosol.
Fatty acids are activated in the cytosol by esterification with Coenzyme A (CoA) to form acyl-CoA (RCO-CoA, where R is the fatty acid acyl group).
Activated medium-chain fatty acids (C8 fatty acid and C10 fatty acid) freely diffuse into mitochondria to be oxidized but long chain fatty acids do not diffuse into mitochondria so they must be transported in.
The transport of long chain fatty acids into mitochondria for oxidation is accomplished by the carnitine palmitoyltransferase system (CPTI and CPTII).
CPTI exchanges carnitine for the CoA attached to long chain fatty acids to form a fatty acid-carnitine conjugate (RCO-carnitine).
The fatty acid-carnitine is transported into the matrix by a transporter protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Once the fatty acid-carnitine is inside the matrix, CPTII exchanges CoA for carnitine to produce fatty acid-CoA once again, ready to enter fatty acid oxidation in the matrix to produce energy.
The free carnitine is transported back out to renew the cytoplasmic pool of carnitine and allow the transfer process to continue. (From Biocarta)
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ACADs) (EC 1.3.99.13) are mitochondrial enzymes that catalyze the initial rate-limiting step in the beta-oxidation of fatty acyl-CoA.
Types
fatty acid beta oxidation
fatty acid omega oxidation
Fatty acid oxidation disorders
SCHAD deficiency (MIM.231530)
MCAD deficiency (medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency) (MIM.201450)
LCHAD deficiency (long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency) (MIM.600890)
VLCAD deficiency (very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency) (MIM.609575)
ACAD9 deficiency (MIM.611103) (#17564966#)
Synopsis
sudden death
- neonatal sudden death
- sudden deat in infancy
cardiac anomalies
- cardiomyopathy
- cardiomyocytic steatosis
- acute cardiac failure
- cardiac arrythmias
- conduction anomalies
neurological
hepatic anomalies
- hepatomegaly
- Reye syndrome
- steatosis
- cholestasis
- true hepatic failure (LCHAD)
retinitis pigmentosa (LCHAD)
peripheral neuropathy (LCHAD)
renal tubulopathy
Lab:
hypoketotic hypoglycaemia
plasma acylcarnitine profile
urinary organic acid profile
total and free plasma carnitine
long-chain fatty acid loading test
fasting test
in vitro studies of fatty acid oxidation on fresh lymphocytes or cultured fibroblasts
Treatment
avoiding fasting or catabolism
suppressing lipolysis
carnitine supplementation
long-term dietary therapy
- prevent periods of fasting
- restrict long-chain fatty acid intake with supplementation of medium-chain triglycerides
Localization
mitochondrial fatty acid oxydation
peroxisomal beta-oxidation
See also
fatty acid oxidation diseases
References
He M, Rutledge SL, Kelly DR, Palmer CA, Murdoch G, Majumder N, Nicholls RD, Pei Z, Watkins PA, Vockley J. A new genetic disorder in mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation: ACAD9 deficiency. Am J Hum Genet. 2007 Jul;81(1):87-103. PMID: #17564966#
Oey NA, DEN Boer ME, Wijburg FA, Vekemans M, Auge J, Steiner C, Wanders RJ, Waterham HR, Ruiter JP, Attie-Bitach T. Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation during Early Human Development. Pediatr Res. 2005 Apr 21; PMID: #15845636#
Boles RG, Martin SK, Blitzer MG, Rinaldo P. Biochemical diagnosis of fatty acid oxidation disorders by metabolite analysis of postmortem liver. Hum Pathol. 1994 Aug;25(8):735-41. PMID: #8056418#
Saudubray JM, Martin D, de Lonlay P, Touati G, Poggi-Travert F, Bonnet D, Jouvet P, Boutron M, Slama A, Vianey-Saban C, Bonnefont JP, Rabier D, Kamoun P, Brivet M. Recognition and management of fatty acid oxidation defects: a series of 107 patients. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1999 Jun;22(4):488-502. PMID: #10407781#
Bennett MJ, Powell S. Metabolic disease and sudden, unexpected death in infancy. Hum Pathol. 1994 Aug;25(8):742-6. PMID: #8056419#