Anomalies

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Definition: An anomaly is a variation from normality caused by a disease . It has been theorized and defined in the book "The Normal and the Pathological" (1966. New York: Zone Books, 1991) by Georges Canghilem (1904-1995).

In this website, we will prefer the word " anomaly " to the word " lesion ", because this last word implied a damage by a cause .

In diagnostic pathology , we perform diagnosis through the identification of morphological anomalies : macroscopical anomalies or microscopical anomalies.

Types

Human diseases are caused and cause anomalies of various categories :
 chomosomal anomalies
 genetic anomalies
 metabolic anomalies
 dysimmune anomalies
 tumoral anomalies
 external anomalies

• traumatisms
• physical injuries
• drugs and toxics
• environnemental anomalies

Human diseases cause anomalies of various categories :
 clinical anomalies
 biological anomalies
 molecular anomalies
 physiological anomalies
 morphological anomalies

• macroscopical anomalies
• microscopical anomalies

The study of morphological anomalies forms morbid anatomy, histopathology and cytopathology.

Morbid anatomy is the study of macroscopical anomalies by macroscopical examination or macroscopy .

Histopathology is the study of microscopical anomalies of tissues by microscopical examination .

Cytopathology is the study of microscopical anomalies of cells by microscopical examination .

The study of molecular anomalies forms molecular pathology .

Localization of anomalies

 cardiovascular anomalies
 pulmonary anomalies
 digestive anomalies
 genital anomalies
 urinary anomalies
 cerebral anomalies
 nervous anomalies
 bone anomalies / osseous anomalies / anomalies of bones

Classification

 An anomalie of a structure is a Lesion

• lesions of a structure
• lesional syndromes of a structure
• diseases of a structure

 visble anomalies of a Structure are morphological anomalies
 anomalies of a function (functional anomalies)
 anomalies of a process

According to the organization level

 molecular anomalies

• anomalies of molecules
• anomalies of molecular functions
• anomalies of molecules processes
• anomalies of molecular complexes
• anomalies of a molecular pathway

  cellular anomalies

• anomalies of a cellular functions
• anomalies of a cellular processes
• anomalies of a cellular organelles
• anomalies of cells

 tissular anomalies

• anomalies of a tissular functions
• anomalies of a tissular processes
• anomalies of a tissular components
• anomalies of tissues

Organ level

• anomalies of organ functions
• anomalies of organ processes
• anomalies of organ components
• anomalies of organs

System level

• anomalies of system functions
• anomalies of system processes
• anomalies of system components
• anomalies of systems

Body level (Clinical level)

 electrolytical anomalies
 functionnal anomalies
 clinical anomalies

By cells

 anomalies by cells

See also

 anomaly
 normality
 pathology / Pathology

• human pathology