penile squamous cell carcinoma
Penile squamous cell carcinoma is considered a disease of local-regional dissemination.
Widespread metastases occur in less than one third of patients. Local recurrence after limited surgical excision or partial penectomy is not uncommon, and it is noted in slow-growing verruciform tumors, intermediate grade superficially spreading lesions, and in poorly differentiated neoplasms.
Etiology
HPV-associated penile squamous cell carcinoma
References
The basaloid cell is the best tissue marker for human papillomavirus in invasive penile squamous cell carcinoma: a study of 202 cases from Paraguay. Cubilla AL, Lloveras B, Alejo M, Clavero O, Chaux A, Kasamatsu E, Velazquez EF, Lezcano C, Monfulleda N, Tous S, Alemany L, Klaustermeier J, Muñoz N, Quint W, de Sanjose S, Bosch FX. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010 Jan;34(1):104-14.PMID: #20035150#
Histologic Grade in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Visual Estimation Versus Digital Measurement of Proportions of Grades, Adverse Prognosis With any Proportion of Grade 3 and Correlation of a Gleason-like System With Nodal Metastasis. Chaux A, Torres J, Pfannl R, Barreto J, Rodriguez I, Velazquez EF, Cubilla AL. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009 Apr 18. PMID: #19384189#
The Prognostic Index: A Useful Pathologic Guide for Prediction of Nodal Metastases and Survival in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Chaux A, Caballero C, Soares F, Guimarães GC, Cunha IW, Reuter V, Barreto J, Rodríguez I, Cubilla AL. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009 Apr 18. PMID: #19384188#
Velazquez EF, Soskin A, Bock A, Codas R, Barreto JE, Cubilla AL. Positive resection margins in partial penectomies: sites of involvement and proposal of local routes of spread of penile squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004 Mar;28(3):384-9. PMID: #15104302#