apoptosis

Definition: Apoptosis is characterized by a series of dramatic perturbations to the cellular architecture that contribute not only to cell death, but also prepare cells for removal by phagocytes and prevent unwanted immune responses.

See also : necroptosis

Much of what happens during the demolition phase of apoptosis is orchestrated by members of the caspase family of cysteine proteases (CASPs).

These proteases target several hundred proteins for restricted proteolysis in a controlled manner that minimizes damage and disruption to neighbouring cells and avoids the release of immunostimulatory molecules.

Images

 T cells killing cancer cells; The "burst" of calcium happens with apoptosis onset.

• https://twitter.com/Aiims1742/status/837405890928119811

Apoptosis molecular pathways

 caspases-dependent apoptosis pathway
 caspases-independent apoptosis pathway

Pathology of apoptosis

  pathology of caspases

• caspase-9 (CASP9)

 pathology of fas and fas-ligand
 pathology of the bcl-2 pathway
 pathology of P53
 defects in the transmembrane tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF-R1): familial periodic fever syndrome
 mutations in the homologous receptor Fas (CD95; Apo-1) in malignant lymphomas, solid tumors and the autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type I (ALPS I)
 mutation in the ligand for Fas (FASL; Fas ligand; CD95 ligand, Apo-1 ligand): systemic lupus erythematosus and lymphadenopathy
 Perforin (cytotoxic protein of T- and NK-cells for target cell killing): familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
 Caspase 10 (CASP10) (caspase family of proteases): autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type II (ALPS II)
 intracellular pro-apoptotic molecule bcl-10: mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas and various non-hematologic malignancies
 p53 (TP53), an executioner of DNA damage triggered apoptosis
 Bax (BAX), a pro-apoptotic molecule with the ability to perturb mitochondrial membrane integrity, are frequently mutated in malignant neoplasms
 anti-apoptotic proteins like bcl-2, cellular-inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (c-IAP2)
 neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein 1 (NAIP1) are often altered in follicular lymphomas, MALT lymphomas and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)

See also

 apoptosome
 apoptotic body
 inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs)
 apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders
 mitochondria-mediated apoptosis
 apoptotic hepatocytes (apoptotic bodies)
 apoptotic keratinocytes
 apoptotic engulfment
 anti-apoptosis therapy

References

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